Organic beings must be exposed to new living conditions across multiple generations to induce significant changes in them. Once the organization begins to change, it continues to change over several generations. There is no example of an organism in a state of change, i.e. with necessary conditions for a change fulfilled, that has stopped changing, i.e. that has reached a form beyond which there is no progress. Diligent selection by man is much more useful as a method of selection than the crossing of different races. For change through selection, the number of samples is important, because useful variations occur rarely. Man can select only those variants he was given by nature, in which case only already existing properties are being emphasized or alleviated. Organisms with a wide range of distribution vary the most, due to different physical conditions and competition with other organic beings. The mere passage of time contributes nothing for or against selection. There is no inherent law of change within an organism; change is instead the result of adaptation to altered conditions.
The transformation of species through natural selection significantly depends on isolation. In a confined and isolated area, provided it is not too large, the organic and inorganic living conditions are nearly uniform, so natural selection will tend to transform all the varying units of the same species in the same way. This will prevent crossing with inhabitants of other regions. After a certain physical change in living conditions, such as climate change or terrain elevation, the migration of better-adapted organisms is prevented.
For land organisms, a large land area that has undergone numerous oscillations in level, and thus isolation and the creation of new species, should have been the most favourable for the creation of many life forms capable of lasting a long time and spreading widely. A reduction in number of units leads to their extinction. The greatest amount of life can be sustained by the greatest diversity in the structure of organisms.
It is not true that organisms living on a certain terrain are best adapted to life on that terrain due to the length of time available for their adaptation. When “foreign” plants and animals from a larger terrain with a more dynamic geological history are introduced as competitors, they retreat and die out. Species that have long been subjected to roughly the same conditions, in confinement, perish and become infertile when exposed to different conditions. Improved descendants of a species constantly strive to suppress and eradicate, at every stage of development, their predecessors and their original ancestors. If many species inhabit a given piece of land, they are less numerous due to the physical conditions limiting the total amount of life, and thus they vary and progress less. They will be endangered by physical changes in environmental conditions. Forms of simple and low organization will endure for a long time if they are well equipped for their simple living conditions.
The human race, as a part of the organic world, has been exposed to all the influences that affected that world and has been forced to adapt to them. Not all species have the ability to adapt to major climate changes, but only those that are not fully specialized. Man missed the opportunity for this specialization very early in his development.
The theory that new species emerge through natural selection is opposed by the theory of cataclysmic causes of change, especially the emergence of new species. This theory suggests that only violently induced mutations can be of adequate intensity for a new DNA program to manifest as an organism fundamentally different from its ancestral species, with which it can no longer produce fertile offspring.
Biologists classify all present-day humans as the species Homo sapiens, which, along with the extinct human species, constitutes humankind (Homo). Humans did not evolve from present-day apes, rather, both share distant common organic ancestors. The very beginning is related to a time when climatic conditions allowed for the evolution of plant life across the vast plains of Africa, which some species utilized as their new habitat. In these conditions, man’s ancestors were at a disadvantage due to their partially upright posture and resulting anatomy, their slow movement, and their jaws that were not well-suited for either eating grass or slaughtering animals for food. They relied on foraging and nomadic movement. To survive in this upright position, they had to further develop a sense of sight and spatial awareness.
The evolution toward the Homo sapiens species is marked by greater use of hands and brain for survival. The human race appeared about a million years ago. The Homo sapiens species appeared 40,000 – 50,000 years ago. Before that, Homo erectus managed to settle on all continents. This new human species used tools made of crafted stone, hunted large animals, utilized fire, dressed in animal skins, and sought shelter in caves and natural hideouts.
Although previous species also used vocal symbols and words, languages are a hallmark of Homo sapiens. Already in the Paleolithic period, up to about 15,000 years ago, Homo sapiens had significantly enriched their culture and spread across all parts of the world. Paleolithic Homo sapiens built temporary shelters and created quality tools from bone and stone. The later Stone Age, also known as the Neolithic Revolution, is considered the most significant period in history. This is the period when human groups began settling permanently in one place, building villages, and for the first time an organic species challenged nature by altering it. Neolithic man did this by domesticating animals and cultivating plants. All of this led to an increase in the number of people on Earth.
As multiple groups of people began settling in the same area, closer interaction between communities became inevitable.
Culture encompasses everything people have created throughout their history, all material and spiritual products.
Spiritual products include all forms of organization and behaviour.
The term civilization is used to name cultures of those communities in history in which we find at least the majority of cultural achievements such as writing, cities, state, class, monetary economy, and technological division of labour. Cultural forms are human creations, so cultures cannot be enriched or developed as a reality without people. Likewise, culture has a crucial influence on people. Homo sapiens – cannot survive at all without culture. In addition to the body, nature has also endowed us with a brain. Everything else comes from culture. Despite having a brain, man can only do what the cultural state allows him to. Man is raised within the cultural framework of his community, perceiving his culture as normal, i.e. natural. The enrichment of cultural reality occurs through the enrichment of individual cultures, and thus civilizations, with new cultural elements – material objects, skills, and works of art. These cultural elements are primarily shaped by the needs of a community and aligned with the values of a given culture.
The establishment of new values and worldviews signifies the emergence of new cultures within the cultural reality, thereby enriching it. The spread of cultural elements from one culture to another is one of the most important phenomena in cultural reality. Such phenomena are absent in both organic and inorganic realities.